Saturday, April 05, 2008

Origin of my name

My name has been a source of humiliation (natha in its corrupted form ...nAta ... means foul smell in Kannada), source of mistaken sexual identity (manju is invariably a female name outside my native state Karnataka), source of uncomfortable closeness(I have observed some nick names, like manju, are difficult to take for stiff upper lip kind of people...including me->yes, that is preemptive strategy of image development). Nevertheless, there is no denying that it has been a source of much amusement for me and for people around me(along with my alliterator second name-> should it be the first name?). But my greatest amusement comes from the etymology of this word.

Sivaite, Buddhist or Ghostistic?
The first etymology that I heard was, the guardian (nAtha) of ice (maMju) mountains (Himalayalas, or Mount Kailasa) or Siva. The name became popular because of a famous temple in my region. Until very recent I would explain this etymology to people. It must be noted here that though the name sounds so much north Indian only in my region Siva is called Manjunatha. I found it bit strange. But as my understanding grew I found this name in fact has a Buddhist beginning.

The first Manjunatha temple was built at a place called Kadri in Mangalore. However, as I have already discussed before this was in fact a Buddhist monastery which was converted to Saiva temple. This event deals with assimilation of Tantrik Buddhism with Tantrik Sivaism. One of the Buddhist deities in that monastery was Manjusri. In my opinion, since Manjusri is an important Bodhisattva for Tantrik Buddhism the name Manjunatha might have been conceived from Manjusri. This I felt is the most plausible scenario. This was until the blogger Ravi Mundkur brought one more angle to the name.

In his series of posts on Kadri and Natha cult he proposes the native beginning for this name from ghostistic tradition. Ravi has developed his view based on legends surrounding Natha cult figure Matsyendranatha. Manju was supposedly one of his sons and a spirit worship was inititated after his death. This spirit Manju became deity Manju Natha in Saiva tradition. I am not yet convinced of this angle as Buddhist deities getting Saiva make over has been observed in the history. And legends can not be authentic accounts.

From Wikipedia on Avalokitesvara;
according to recent research, the original form was Avalokitasvara with the ending svara ("sound, noise"), which means "sound perceiver", literally "he who has perceived sound" (i.e. perceiver of the cries of the sentient beings who need his help). This is the exact equivalent of the Chinese translation Guan Yin. This name was later supplanted by the form containing the ending -īśvara, which does not occur in Sanskrit before the seventh century. The original form Avalokitasvara already appears in Sanskrit fragments of the fifth century.[5]

The original meaning of the name fits the Buddhist understanding of the role of a bodhisattva. The reinterpretation presenting him as an īśvara shows a strong influence of Shaivism, as the term īśvara was usually connected to the Hindu notion of a creator god and ruler of the world. Attributes of such a god were transmitted to the bodhisattva


When Avalokitasvara can become Avalokitesvara, Manjusri turning into Manjunatha isn't all that strange. But what came out of Ravi's posts is my ignorance about the word 'manju'.

Until Ravi mentioned about a Sanskrit word "manju" meaning beautiful, charming, pleasant etc..., I believed the word manju in Manjunatha is in fact a Sanskrit word meaning ice, coldness, dew, fog etc...! It turns out that manju that I know is in fact a Dravidian word. I didn't know. Had I known before I would have grown into Indic manju than Dravidian manju.

Therefore, the common derivation of Manjunatha for Siva is a mix of Dravidian word manju with Indic word natha. However, ice formations are not observed in South India therefore 'dew' manju might have been stretched to incorporate 'ice' in recent times.

May be Buddhist Manjusri and Kannada word manju together might have given the idea of Manjunatha.

4 comments:

Ravindra Mundkur said...

Ah, you can enjoy being both Indic(Beautiful Lord) as well as Dravidian(Lord of Mist or snow).The local Tulu(manji)and Kannada(manju) people all the while visualized the second meaning after the Mount Kailas described as the abode of Shiva.Even inscription writers have at places have written the word as 'Manjinatha'

Manju Edangam said...

Ah, you can enjoy being both Indic(Beautiful Lord) as well as Dravidian(Lord of Mist or snow)

No, Ravi. I was talking about the character represented by 'manju' (cold in Dravidian; charming in Indic). But I suppose "Lord of Mist" has some mystic aura around it!

The local Tulu(manji)and Kannada(manju) people all the while visualized the second meaning after the Mount Kailas described as the abode of Shiva.Even inscription writers have at places have written the word as 'Manjinatha'

Indeed. But the trigger to that visualization must have been 'Manjusri'. After all, it is a Buddhist monastery converted to Saiva temple.

Ravindra Mundkur said...

Yes different possibilities are there !We are not sure whether Manjusri idol was before or later than the initial 'Manju natha'of Macchendra.We are not sure whether Macchendra had proficiency in Tulu to understand the shades of meanings.We are not sure of the role of Manju's mother in these namings.
To complicate, there are other Tulu words like 'manja' that have geographical meanings ( manja=elevated area, like Kadri plateau)

Manju Edangam said...

To complicate, there are other Tulu words like 'manja' that have geographical meanings ( manja=elevated area, like Kadri plateau)

Not if we want to apply Occam's razor. As of now manjinatha and not manjanatha is observed anywhere. manjinatha or manjunatha both point to single visualization. Also, manja is rather rare word.

Anyway, Natha cult still exist as a separate movement. Is Manjunatha main deity in their Mathas?